Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
| Variables | TMAO ≤3.92 μM (n = 56) | TMAO > 3.92 μM (n = 56) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 36 (64.3) | 29 (51.8) | 0.180 |
| Age, years | 60.18 ± 8.51 | 64.05 ± 8.96 | 0.021 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.53 ± 3.15 | 26.91 ± 3.73 | 0.036 |
| Smoke, n (%) | 28 (50.0) | 27 (48.2) | 0.850 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 16 (28.6) | 12 (21.4) | 0.383 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 43 (76.8) | 42 (75.0) | 0.825 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 27 (48.2) | 31 (55.4) | 0.449 |
| CHD, n (%) | 45 (84.4) | 49 (87.5) | 0.303 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 101.01 ± 7.77 | 96.48 ± 7.69 | 0.002 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.69 ± 0.68 | 2.19 ± 1.15 | 0.006 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.27 ± 0.95 | 4.32 ± 1.03 | 0.795 |
| HDL-c, mmol/L | 1.32 ± 0.42 | 1.09 ± 0.32 | 0.002 |
| LDL-c, mmol/L | 2.64 ± 0.75 | 2.57 ± 0.74 | 0.589 |
| ApoA1, mmol/L | 1.27 ± 0.19 | 1.26 ± 0.18 | 0.753 |
| ApoB, mmol/L | 1.11 ± 0.33 | 1.09 ± 0.37 | 0.835 |
| TMAO, μM | 2.83 ± 1.34 | 8.43 ± 4.85 | < 0.001 |
| Choline, μM | 12.50 ± 2.81 | 14.01 ± 3.09 | 0.008 |
| Carnitine, μM | 75.21 ± 15.69 | 82.58 ± 15.44 | 0.014 |
| Betaine, μM | 39.26 ± 10.90 | 38.06 ± 10.09 | 0.548 |
| GBB, μM | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.059 |
Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or n (%)
TMAO Trimethylamine N-oxide, BMI Body mass index, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, CHD Coronary heart disease, TG Triglycerides, TC Total cholesterol, HDL-c High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ApoA1 Apolipoprotein A1, ApoB Apolipoprotein B, GBB γ-butyrobetaine