Figure 5.
Asparagine modulates the cellular metabolism of macrophages. (A) Fold change of intracellular and supernatant asparagine/aspartate in M1 macrophages and asparagine-treated M1 macrophages (n = 6). (B) Heatmap analysis of the different metabolites between M1 macrophages and asparagine-treated M1 macrophages (n = 6). (C) Fold change of the intracellular nucleotides in M1 macrophages and asparagine-treated M1 macrophages (n = 6). (D) mRNA expressions of the rate-limiting enzymes for nucleoside synthesis in M1 macrophages and asparagine-treated M1 macrophages (n = 6). (E) Fold change of the intracellular amino acids in M1 macrophages and asparagine-treated M1 macrophages (n = 6). (F) Different metabolites in aspartate metabolism between M1 macrophages and asparagine-treated macrophages (n = 6). (G) Secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) from M1 macrophages with asparagine supplementation combined with dactinomycin or cycloheximide (n = 4). Data were analyzed with unpaired t-test (A, C–E) or with one-way ANOVA (G). Error bars represent the mean ± SEM. ns, not significant. *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001.