TABLE 4.
Details of the selected studies and baseline characteristics of the participants in meta-analyses of the correlations between circulating TMAO concentrations and kidney function indicators1
| First author | Year | Journal | Country | Design | Subjects, n | Age,2 y | Male, % | Disease status | Sample | Assay | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim et al. (45) | 2016 | Kidney Int | Canada | Cohort | 2529 | 68.2 ± 12.7 | 62.5 | CKD | Plasma | LC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (rho = −0.40, P < 0.001), CysC (rho = 0.42, P < 0.001), and sCr (rho = 0.40, P < 0.001) |
| Missailidis et al. (28) | 2016 | PLoS One | Sweden | Cohort | 179 | 55 ± 14 | 65 | CKD | Plasma | LC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with actually measured GFR (rho = −0.69, P < 0.0001) |
| Tang et al. (50) | 2014 | J Am Coll Cardiol | USA | Cohort | 720 | 66 ± 10 | 59 | Patients with a history of HF | Plasma | LC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (rho = −0.55, P < 0.001) and serum uric acid (rho = 0.29, P < 0.001) |
| Tang et al. (59) | 2015 | J Card Fail | USA | Cohort | 112 | 57 ± 14 | 75 | CHF | Plasma | LC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (rho = −0.36, P < 0.001) and CysC (rho = 0.40, P < 0.0001) |
| Tang et al. (26) | 2015 | Circ Res | USA | Cohort | 521 | 70 ± 10 | 48 | CKD | Plasma | LC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (rho = −0.48, P < 0.001) and CysC (rho = 0.46, P < 0.001) |
| Kaysen et al. (32) | 2015 | J Ren Nutr | USA | Cohort | 235 | 61.8 ± 14.2 | 55.3 | CKD, ESKD, and healthy subjects | Plasma | UPLC-MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with sCr (rho = 0.21, P = 0.002) |
| Pelletier et al. (31) | 2019 | Toxins | France | Cross-sectional | 124 | ≥18 | 54 | CKD, ESKD, and healthy subjects | Plasma | LC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with UACR (rho = 0.24, P < 0.005) and plasma uric acid (rho = 0.31, P < 0.005) |
| Gruppen et al. (58) | 2017 | Sci Rep | Netherlands | Cohort | 5469 | 53.5 ± 12 | 48.7 | Healthy adults | Plasma | LC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (r = −0.095, P < 0.001) and UAER (r = 0.062, P < 0.001) |
| Randrianarisoa et al. (54) | 2016 | Sci Rep | Germany | Cross-sectional | 220 | 46 ± 11 | 41 | Healthy adults | Serum | LC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (r = −0.14, P = 0.04) |
| Lever et al. (62) (CVD with DM) | 2014 | PLoS One | New Zealand | Cohort | 79 | 74 [47–87] | 73.4 | CVD with DM | Plasma | UPLC-MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (rho = −0.31, P < 0.001) |
| Lever et al. (62) (CVD without DM) | 2014 | PLoS One | New Zealand | Cohort | 396 | 68 [55–93] | 72.7 | CVD without DM | Plasma | UPLC-MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (rho = −0.39, P < 0.001) |
| Suzuki et al. (19) | 2016 | Heart | UK | Cohort | 972 | 78 [69–84] | 61 | AHF | Plasma | UPLC-MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (rho = −0.528, P < 0.0005), blood urea (rho = 0.529, P < 0.0005), and sCr (rho = 0.515, P < 0.0005) |
| Suzuki et al. (51) | 2017 | Clin Chem | UK | Cohort | 1079 | 65 [57–77] | 72 | CAD | Plasma | UPLC-MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (rho = −0.371, P ≤0.035) and blood urea (rho = 0.358, P ≤0.035) |
| Mueller et al. (61) | 2015 | Atherosclerosis | Austria | Cohort | 339 | 63 [55–71] | 68 | Diagnostic CAG | Plasma | LC-HRMS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (r = −0.281, P < 0.01) |
| Roncal et al. (60) | 2019 | Sci Rep | Spain | Cohort | 262 | 70 ± 11 | 87 | Peripheral-artery disease | Plasma | UHPLC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (r = −0.40, P < 0.001) |
| Trøseid et al. (18) | 2015 | J Intern Med | Norway | Cohort | 155 | 57 ± 11 | 83 | CHF | Plasma | LC-MS/MS | TMAO concentrations correlated with eGFR (r = −0.54, P < 0.001) |
AHF, acute heart failure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CAD, coronary-artery disease; CAG, coronary angiography; CHF, chronic cardiac failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CysC, serum cystatin C, DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; HF, heart failure; LC-HRMS, LC-high-resolution MS; LC-MS/MS, LC-tandem MS; r, Pearson correlation coefficient; rho, Spearman rank correlation coefficient; sCr, serum creatinine; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; UACR, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio; UAER, urine albumin excretion rate; UHPLC, ultra-high-performance LC; UPLC, ultra-performance LC.
Values are mean ± SD, range, or median [IQR].