Table 5.
Mitochondrial GR and mitochondrial-related alterations in lung disease, hepatic inflammation, and hyperthermia.
| In Vivo/In Vitro System | Treatment | Sex | Tissue | Mitochondrial GR 1 | Mitochondrial Gene Expression Levels/Enzyme Activity | Mitochondrial-Related Alterations | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allergic airway inflammation mouse model | Ovalbumin | Female | Lung tissues | mt GR↓ | mt 4 COX1↓ citrate synthase↓ |
SDH↓ mt ERβ↓ cytochrome c↑ cyt un-cleaved caspase-9↓ cleaved caspase-3↑ PARP↓ mt mass↓ |
[84] |
| Human subjects with asthma | Male and Female | mt GR↓ | mt ERβ↓ | ||||
| High-fat diet mouse model | 7 weeks High-fat Diet | Male | Liver tissues | mt GR↓ | mt ATP8, COX1, CYTB, ND1, ND5↓ COX↓ |
ATP content↓ mtDNA copy number↓ PGC1a↓ GR binding to the D-loop↓ GR binding to the PGC1a↓ |
[86] |
| Inflammation mouse model | 5 days LPS2 treatment | Male | mt ATP8, COX1, CYTB, ND1, ND5↓ Complex IV, V↓ |
ATP, NADH↓ mtDNA copy number↓ Sirt3↓ GR binding to the D-loop↓ |
[87] | ||
| Heat tolerant mice | Heat Exposure | Male | Muscle tissues | p 5 GRS211↑ mt GR↑ |
[89] | ||
| Thermal acclimation (TA)-exposed mice | pGRS211↑mt GR↑ | ||||||
| C2C12 mouse myoblast | Cort3 heat exposure | Myoblasts | mt GR↑ |
1 GR; Glucocorticoid Receptor, 2 LPS; Lipopolysaccharide, 3 Cort; Corticosterone, 4 mt; mitochondrial, 5 p; phosphoisoform.