Wang 1993.
| Methods |
FLUOROSIS STUDY Country of study: China Geographic location: Hotan, Kaxgar and Aksu, in south Xinjiang Year of study: 1991 Year of change in fluoridation status: NA Study design: cross‐sectional |
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| Participants | Inclusion criteria: children aged from 8‐15 years living around the water source Exclusion criteria: not stated Other sources of fluoride: not stated Social class: farmers and herdsmen in south Xinjiang Ethnicity: Minority, mainly Uygur ethnic group Residential history: living in study area for a long time ("since many years ago") Other confounding factors: the combined effects of iodine deficiency and high fluorine; the habit of tea drinking |
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| Interventions | All natural fluoridation Group 1: 1.58 ppm Group 2: 1.85‐2.00 ppm Group 3: 0.48 ppm Group 4: 2.55 ppm Group 5: 0.43 ppm Group 6: 0.46 ppm Group 7: 0.43 ppm |
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| Outcomes | Dental fluorosis (index not stated) Age at assessment: 15 years |
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| Funding | Not stated in translation | |
| Notes | Paper translated from Chinese | |
| Risk of bias | ||
| Bias | Authors' judgement | Support for judgement |
| Sampling | Unclear risk | Children aged 8‐15 living in the vicinity of the water sources were included. Insufficient sampling information |
| Confounding | High risk | Did not account for the use of fluoride from other sources, residential history not clearly stated |
| Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes | High risk | Not reported |
| Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes | Low risk | Data for all participants reported |
| Selective reporting (reporting bias) | Low risk | Outcome of interest presented |
| Other bias | Unclear risk | Unable to identify information pertaining to the training/reliability of outcome assessors |