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. 2019 Dec 21;18:436. doi: 10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8

Table 1.

Characteristics of studies. Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review, up to July 2018

Study Year Country Study type Plant extract/(essential oil) Concentration dose Anopheles species Repellency % Protection time (hours)
Ansari et al. 2005 India Field Pine oil (Pinus) 1 ml without dilution An. culicifacies 100 11
Citronella (lemongrass oil) 1 ml without dilution An. culicifacies 100 11
Ansari et al. 2000 India Field D. sissoo oil 1 ml without dilution An. culicifacies 96.1 10.3
D. sissoo oil 1 ml without dilution An. annularis 100 11
D. sissoo oil 1 ml without dilution An. subpictus 89.7 8
Ansari et al. 2000 India Field Peppermint oil 1 ml without dilution An. culicifacies 92.3 9.6
Peppermint oil 1 ml without dilution An. annularis 100 11
Peppermint oil 1 ml without dilution An. subpictus 83.1 7.3
Amer et al. 2006 Germany Laboratory Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 52.4 8
Rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 4.8 6.5
Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 80.9 8
Camphor (C. camphora) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 42.8 8
Catnip (N. cataria) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 61.9 8
Thyme (T. serpyllum) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 33.3 7.5
Eucalyptus (E. globulus) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 28.6 5.5
Jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Broad-leaved eucalyptus (Eucalyptus dives) essential oils 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 38.1 8
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Lemon-scented eucalyptus (E. citriodora) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 52.4 8
Fichtennadel (Picea excelsa) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 19 3
Amyris (Amyris balsamifera) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Lemon (Citrus limon) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 9.5 7
Narrow-leaved eucalyptus (Eucalyptus radiata) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 42.8 8
Carotin oil (Glycina soja) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 9.5 8
Cedarwood (Juniperus virginiana) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 38.1 8
frankincense (Boswellia carteri) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 19 5
Dill (Anethum graveolens) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 71.4 3.5
Myrtle (M. communis) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 42.8 6.5
Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 76.2 8
Cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Juniper (Juniperus communis) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 76.2 8
Sage (Salvia sclarea) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 19 5
Peppermint (Mentha piperita) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 57.1 6.5
Basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 66.7 3.5
Cajeput (Melaleuca leucadendron) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Soya bean (Glycina max) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 76.2 8
Rosemary (R. officinalis) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Niaouli (Melaleuca quinquenervia) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Olive (O. europaea) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 71.4 8
Black pepper (Piper nigrum) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 61.9 3
Verbena (Lippia citriodora) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 38.1 5.5
tagetes (T. minuta) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Violet (Viola odorata) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Sandalwood (Santalum album) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Litsea (Litsea cubeba) Essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 47.6 6
Galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 100 8
Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) essential oil 20% oil solutions An. stephensi 47.6 5.5
Amerasan et al. 2012 India Laboratory Cassia tora Linn methanol extract

1 mg/cm2

2.5 mg/cm2

5.0 mg/cm2

 An. stephensi

100

100

100

2

2

2.5
Abiy et al. 2015 Ethiopia Field 20% neem oil Neem and chinaberry oils were diluted to 20% using Niger seed (noog abyssinia) oil An. arabiensis 71 3
20% chinaberry oil Neem and chinaberry oils were diluted to 20% using Niger seed (noog abyssinia) oil An. arabiensis 70 1
Alayo et al. 2015 Nigeria Laboratory Cassia mimosoides petroleum ether extract Cream 0.5% w/w An. gambiae 48 –
Cream 1% w/w 88 –
Cream 2% w/w 100 0.08
Cream 4% w/w 100 0.08
Cream 6% w/w 100 0.08
Alwala et al. 2010 Kenya Laboratory Mangifera indica essential Oil 10% solution An. gambiae 100 –
Baskar et al. 2018 India Laboratory Atalantia monophylla essential oil 50 ppm An. stephensi – 6.85
Govindarajan et al. 2010 India Laboratory Sida acuta Burm. F. extract 2.5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
Govindarajan et al. 2011 India Laboratory Ervatamia coronaria extract

1 mg/cm2

2.5 mg/cm2

5 mg/cm2

An. stephensi

An. stephensi

An. stephensi

100

100

100

2.5

3

3.5
Caesalpinia pulcherrima extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
2.5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
Govindarajan et al. 2011 India Laboratory 5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3

2.5 mg/cm2

5 mg/cm2

An. subpictus

An. subpictus

100

100

2

2.5
R. officinalis L. essential oil 1 mg/cm2 An. subpictus 100 1
2.5 mg/cm2 An. subpictus 100 1
5 mg/cm2 An. subpictus 100 1.5
C. citrates Stapf. essential oil 1 mg/cm2 An. subpictus 100 1
2.5 mg/cm2 An. subpictus 100 1.5
5 mg/cm2 An. subpictus 100 2
C. zeylanicum L. essential oil 1 mg/cm2 An. subpictus 100 1
2.5 mg/cm2 An. subpictus 100 1
5 mg/cm2 An. subpictus 100 1.5
Govindarajan et al. 2016 India Laboratory Zingiber nimmonii essential oil 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
2 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
Jeyabalan et al. 2003 India Laboratory P. citrosa leaf extract 0.5% An. stephensi 36 –
1% An. stephensi 51 –
2% An. stephensi 78 –
4% An. stephensi 100 –
Karunamoorthi et al. 2008 Ethiopia Laboratory Woira (O. europaea) smoke Burning of 25 g of dried plant materials An. arabiensis 79.7 –
Tinjut (Ostostegia integrifolia) smoke Burning of 25 g of dried plant materials An. arabiensis 90.1 –
Wogert (Silene macroserene) smoke Burning of 25 g of dried plant materials An. arabiensis 93.6 –
Kebercho (Echinops sp.) extract Burning of 25 g of dried plant materials An. arabiensis 92.4 –
Karunamoorthi et al. 2010 Ethiopia Laboratory C. citratus extract 1 mg/cm2 An. arabiensis 100 3.2
1.5 mg/cm2 An. arabiensis 100 4.4
2 mg/cm2 An. arabiensis 100 5.3
2.5 mg/cm2 An. arabiensis 100 6.3
Govindarajan et al. 2016 India Laboratory Origanum scabrum essential oil 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
2 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3.5
Haldar et al. 2014 India Laboratory Ficus krishnae smoke 30 mg/l smoked An. stephensi 18 0.16
60 mg/l smoked An. stephensi 100 0.5
90 mg/l smoked An. stephensi 100 1
Auysawasdi et al. 2015 Thailand Laboratory Curcuma longa essential oil 5% An. dirus 100 4
10% An. dirus 100 5
15% An. dirus 100 5.5
20% An. dirus 100 5.5
25% An. dirus 100 8
E. globulus essential oil 5% An. dirus 100 1.7
10% An. dirus 100 2.3
15% An. dirus 100 3
20% An. dirus 100 3
25% An. dirus 100 3.4
Citrus aurantium essential oil 5% An. dirus 100 1.8
10% An. dirus 100 2.9
15% An. dirus 100 2.9
20% An. dirus 100 3
25% An. dirus 100 3.5
Barnard et al. 1999 USA Laboratory Clove essential oil 25% An. albimanus 100 1.25
50% An. albimanus 100 1.5
75% An. albimanus 100 2.26
100% An. albimanus 100 3.55
Thyme essential oil 25% An. albimanus 100 0.75
50% An. albimanus 100 0.5
75% An. albimanus 100 1
100% An. albimanus 100 1.75
Kweka et al. 2008 Tanzania Laboratory Citronella 500 mg/m2 An. gambiae 81 –
Ocimum suave extract 500 mg/m2 An. gambiae 81 –
Ocimum kilimandscharicum extract 500 mg/m2 An. gambiae 73 –
Citronella 500 mg/m2 An. arabiensis 85 –
O. suave extract 500 mg/m2 An. arabiensis 89 –
O. kilimandscharicum extract 500 mg/m2 An. arabiensis 75 –
Kovendan et al. 2012 India Laboratory A. alnifolia extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
3 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
Krishnappa et al. 2012 India Laboratory A. digitata crude extract 2 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
4 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3.5
6 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3.5
Naine et al. 2014 India Laboratory Streptomyces sp. VITJS4 extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
3 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
6 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
Murugan et al. 2012 India Laboratory Orange peel extract 50 ppm An. stephensi 99 –
150 ppm An. stephensi 100 0.5
250 ppm An. stephensi 100 0.05
350 ppm An. stephensi 100 1.5
450 ppm An. stephensi 100 2
Padilha et al. 2003 Brazil Field Ocimum selloi oil 10% v/v An. braziliensis 89 0.5
Konan et al. 2003 Ivory Coast Laboratory Karite nut butter oil 75% An. gambiae 100 2
Palm oil 75% An. gambiae 100 1.38
Coconut oil 75% An. gambiae 100 0.76
Maheswaran et al. 2013 India Laboratory Confertifolin essential oil 0.62 ppm An. stephensi 100 1
1.25 ppm An. stephensi 100 2.5
2.5 ppm An. stephensi 100 3
5 ppm An. stephensi 100 5
10 ppm An. stephensi 100 5.2
Panneerselvam et al. 2013 India Laboratory Andrographis paniculata methanol leaf extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
3 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
6 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
Cassia occidentalis methanol leaf extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
3 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
6 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
Euphorbia hirta methanol leaf extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
3 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
6 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
Panneerselvam et al. 2012 India Laboratory Artemisia nilagirica extract 50 ppm An. stephensi 95 0.5
150 ppm An. stephensi 98 0.5
250 ppm An. stephensi 100 0.5
350 ppm An. stephensi 100 1
450 ppm An. stephensi 100 2
Phasomkusolsil et al. 2011 Thailand Laboratory Cananga odorata oil 0.02 mg/cm2 An. dirus 94 –
0.10 mg/cm2 An. dirus 92 –
0.21 mg/cm2 An. dirus 92 –
C. sinensis oil 0.02 mg/cm2 An. dirus 40 –
0.10 mg/cm2 An. dirus 54 –
0.21 mg/cm2 An. dirus 84 –
C. citratus oil 0.02 mg/cm2 An. dirus 76 –
0.10 mg/cm2 An. dirus 82 –
0.21 mg/cm2 An. dirus 98 –
Cymbopogon nardus oil 0.02 mg/cm2 An. dirus 92 –
0.10 mg/cm2 An. dirus 92 –
0.21 mg/cm2 An. dirus 98 –
E. citriodora oil 0.02 mg/cm2 An. dirus 52 –
0.10 mg/cm2 An. dirus 74 –
0.21 mg/cm2 An. dirus 86 –
O. basilicum oil 0.02 mg/cm2 An. dirus 66 –
0.10 mg/cm2 An. dirus 74 –
0.21 mg/cm2 An. dirus 96 –
S. aromaticum oil 0.02 mg/cm2 An. dirus 82 –
0.10 mg/cm2 An. dirus 92 –
0.21 mg/cm2 An. dirus 98 –
Prabhu et al. 2011 India Laboratory Moringa oleifera extract 20% An. stephensi 23 –
40% An. stephensi 43 –
60% An. stephensi 58 –
80% An. stephensi 76 –
100% An. stephensi 90 –
Rajkumar et al. 2007 India Laboratory Centella asiatica essential oil 2% An. stephensi – 1
4% An. stephensi – 1.78
6% An. stephensi – 2.33
Ipomoea cairica essential oil 2% An. stephensi – 2.63
4% An. stephensi – 4.13
6% An. stephensi – 5.53
Momordica charantia essential oil 2% An. stephensi – 2.38
4% An. stephensi – 3.93
6% An. stephensi – 5.38
Psidium guajava essential oil 2% An. stephensi – 0.93
4% An. stephensi – 1.48
6% An. stephensi – 1.98
Tridax procumbens essential oil 2% An. stephensi – 2.33
4% An. stephensi – 3.78
6% An. stephensi – 5.28
Rajkumar et al. 2005 India Laboratory Solanum trilobatum extract 0.001% An. stephensi 100 1.15
0.005% An. stephensi 100 1.3
0.01% An. stephensi 100 1.51
0.015% An. stephensi 100 1.7
0.02% An. stephensi 100 2.03
Rawani et al. 2012 India Laboratory P. tuberosa extract 1% An. stephensi 65 2.3
1.50% An. stephensi 80 4
2% An. stephensi 90 5
Reegan et al. 2015 India Laboratory Cliona celata extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 1.08
2.5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 1.71
5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 1.21
Swathi et al. 2012 India Laboratory Datura stramonium extract 0.1% An. stephensi – 0.35
0.5% An. stephensi – 0.72
1% An. stephensi – 1.9
Seyoum et al. 2002 Kenya Semi-field Neem (A. indica) Periodic thermal expulsion An. gambiae 24.5 –
Lemon eucalyptus (Corymbia citriodora) Periodic thermal expulsion An. gambiae 74.5 –
Wild spikenard (Hyptis suaveolens) Periodic thermal expulsion An. gambiae -13.3 –
Lantana (Lantana camara) Periodic thermal expulsion An. gambiae 42.4 –
Fever tea (Lippia uckambensis) Periodic thermal expulsion An. gambiae 45.9 –
Lime basil (Ocimum americanum) Periodic thermal expulsion An. gambiae 43.1 –
Rican blue basil (O. kilimandscharicum) Periodic thermal expulsion An. gambiae 52.0 –
Tree basil (O. suave) Periodic thermal expulsion An. gambiae 53.1 –
Khaki weed (T. minuta) Placing branches or whole plants inside houses An. gambiae 54.8 –
Sanghong et al. 2015 Thailand Laboratory L. sinense ethanolic preparations 25% An. minimus – 11.5
Das et al. 2003 India Laboratory Cymbopogan martinii martinii var sofia oil 1 ml without dilution An. sundaicus 98 6
Nour et al. 2009 Sudan Laboratory Basil (O. basilicum L.) essential oil 0.1 ml 100 1.5
Trongtokit et al. 2005 Thailand Laboratory C. nardus essential oil 10% An. dirus – 0.66
50% – 0.5
100% – 1.16
P. cablin essential oil 10% An. dirus – 1.33
50% – 2
100% – 2.83
Mullilam (Zanthoxylum limonella) essential oil 10% An. dirus – 1
50% – 2.16
100% – 3.16
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil 10% An. dirus – 1.33
50% – 2.66
100% – 3.5
Yogananth et al. 2015 India Laboratory R. mucronata oil 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 73 7.2
2 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 86 7.8
3 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 92 8.5
4 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 97 9.1
Tawatsin et al. 2000 Thailand Laboratory Turmeric (C. longa) volatile oil 3 ml An. dirus 100 6
Citronella 3 ml An. dirus 100 6
Hairy basil oil 3 ml An. dirus 100 6
Singh et al. 2005 India Laboratory Cyperus rotundus Linn hexane extract 2.50% An. stephensi 95 –
5% An. stephensi 99 –
10% An. stephensi 100 6
Mayeku et al. 2013 Kenya laboratory Conyza newii essential oil 0.01 g/ml An. gambiae 38 –
0.1 g/ml An. gambiae 68 –
1 g/ml An. gambiae 100 –
Phasomkusolsil et al. 2009 Thailand Laboratory Phlai (Z. cassumunar) oil 100 μl An. minimus – 2
Turmeric (C. longa) oil 100 μl An. minimus – 1
Mah-Khwuaen (Z. limonella) oil 100 μl An. minimus – 0.66
Citronella grass (C. nardus) oil 100 μl An. minimus – 2.16
Orange oil (Citrus sinensis) oil 100 μl An. minimus – 0.83
Eucalyptus (E. citriodora) oil 100 μl An. minimus – 0.5
Clove (S. aromaticum) oil 100 μl An. minimus – 2
Trongtokit et al. 2004 Thailand Laboratory Clove oil 20% gel An. dirus – 4.5
cream 20% An. dirus – 4.8
Birkett et al. 2011 Kenya Laboratory N. cataria 0.01 mg An. gambiae 17 –
0.1 mg An. gambiae 97 –
1 mg An. gambiae 100 –
Kamaraj et al. 2011 India Laboratory A. concinna extract 500 ppm An. stephensi 21 –
Solomon et al. 2012 Ethiopia Laboratory Citronella extract 20% An. Arabiensis 73 –
Soonwera et al. 2015 Thailand Laboratory C. odorata oil 1% An. dirus 92 –
5% An. dirus 92 –
10% An. dirus 94 –
Sritabutra et al. 2011 Thailand Laboratory Eucalyptus (E. globules) essencial oil 0.1 ml An. dirus – 1.58
Peppermint (M. piperita) essencial oil 0.1 ml An. dirus – 1.08
Garlic (A. sativum) essencial oil 0.1 ml An. dirus – 0.68
Orange (C. sinensis) essencial oil 0.1 ml An. dirus – 0.83
Citronella grass (C. nardus) essencial oil 0.1 ml An. dirus – 0.8
Lemongrass (C. citratus) essencial oil 0.1 ml An. dirus – 1.63
Clove (S. aromaticum) essencial oil 0.1 ml An. dirus – 1
Sweet basil (O. basilicum) essencial oil 0.1 ml An. dirus – 0.75
Tavassoli et al. 2001 iran Laboratory Marigold (Calendula officinalis) essential oil 50% An. stephensi – 2.15
Myrtle essential oil 50% An. stephensi – 4.36
Younoussa et al. 2016 Cameroon Laboratory Annona senegalensis leaf extract 4.0 mg/cm2 An. gambiae – 0.5
8.0 mg/cm2 An. gambiae – 1
12.0 mg/cm2 An. gambiae – 1.5
Boswellia dalzielii leaf extract 4.0 mg/cm2 An. gambiae 46
8.0 mg/cm2 An. gambiae – 0.5
12.0 mg/cm2 An. gambiae – 1
Govindarajan et al. 2011 India Laboratory Coccinia indica extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
2.5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3.5
Govindarajan et al. 2012 India Laboratory Cardiospermum halicacabum oil 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2
2.5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
Govindarajan et al. 2014 India Laboratory Asparagus racemosus crude extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
2 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
Govindarajan et al. 2015 India Laboratory Delonix elata crude extract 1 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 2.5
2.5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3
5 mg/cm2 An. stephensi 100 3.5
Innocent et al. 2014 Kenya Laboratory Uvariodendron gorgonis essential oil 0.01 w/v An. gambiae 29 –
0.1 w/v An. gambiae 48 –
1 w/v An. gambiae 57 –
10 w/v An. gambiae 64 –
Clausena anisata essential oil 0.01 w/v An. gambiae 13 –
0.1 w/v An. gambiae 21 –
1 w/v An. gambiae 42 –
10 w/v An. gambiae 56 –
Lantana vibunoides essential oil 0.01 w/v An. gambiae 26 –
0.1 w/v An. gambiae 46 –
1 w/v An. gambiae 54 –
10 w/v An. gambiae 62 –
Kumar et al. 2012 India Laboratory Sargassum wightii Greville methanolic extract 2 mg/l An. sundaicus 26 –
4 mg/l An. sundaicus 40 –
6 mg/l An. sundaicus 57 –
8 mg/l An. sundaicus 71 –
10 mg/l An. sundaicus 89 –
Madhiyazhagan et al. 2014 India Laboratory O. canum extract 0.49 mg/l An. stephensi 63 –
0.99 mg/l An. stephensi 77 –
1.99 mg/l An. stephensi 86 –
HHS Vulnerability Disclosure