Table 2. Intervention group differences in outcomes at 3 (programme end), 6 and 12 months, n=33 a.
| Measurement time (months) |
Mean value |
Within-group difference |
P-value |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 | 6 | 12 | 0–3 | 0–6 | 0–12 | 0–3 | 0–6 | 0–12 | |
| Clinical measures | ||||||||||
| Weight (kg) | 94.8 (6.4) | 86.7 (6) | 82.9 (6.1) | 82.7 (6.8) | −8.6 (1.2)**** | −12.1 (2.2)**** | −11.5 (2.5)**** | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 34.5 (1.6) | 31.5 (1.7) | 30.2 (1.6) | 30.2 (1.7) | −3.1 (0.3)**** | −4.4 (0.7)**** | −4.2 (0.8)**** | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mmol l−1) | 5.4 (0.5) | 4.5 (0.4) | 4.7 (0.4) | 5 (0.6) | −1 (0.4)*** | −0.7 (0.4)** | −0.5 (0.5)* | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.05 |
| Triglycerides | 1.6 (0.3) | 1.8 (0.4) | 1.9 (0.5) | 1.8 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.3)* | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.24 |
| LDL | 3.4 (0.4) | 2.5 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.3) | 3 (0.5) | −0.9 (0.4)**** | −0.8 (0.3)*** | −0.6 (0.4)* | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
| HDL | 1.3 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.1) | −0.2 (0.1)**** | −0.2 (0.1)** | −0.1 (0.2) | <0.0001 | <0.01 | 0.38 |
| Total:HDL (ratio) | 4.3 (0.4) | 4.6 (0.5) | 4.6 (1.1) | 3.9 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.3 (1) | −0.3 (0.5) | 0.67 | 0.49 | 0.33 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 108 (4) | 101 (4) | 98 (4) | 99 (4) | −7 (2)**** | −10 (2)**** | −9 (3)**** | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 133 (6) | 130 (5) | 132 (6) | 142 (8) | -4 (6) | −2 (6) | 7 (8) | 0.19 | 0.44 | 0.06 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 81 (3) | 81 (3) | 82 (3) | 83 (4) | −1 (3) | 0 (3) | 1 (4) | 0.67 | 0.79 | 0.51 |
| HbA1c (mmol mol−1) | 42 (3) | 38 (3) | 39 (3) | 37 (4) | −4 (2)**** | −3 (2)** | −5 (2)**** | <0.0001 | <0.01 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (μmol l−1) | 73 (6) | 66 (5) | 63 (5) | 64 (6) | −7 (3)*** | −11 (4)**** | −9 (4)**** | <0.001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| CVD RA (% 5-year risk) | 11.7 (2.5) | 11.1 (2.4) | 11.2 (2.4) | 11.7 (2.8) | −0.4 (0.3)* | −0.3 (0.4) | 0 (0.4) | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.85 |
| Questionnaires | ||||||||||
| SF-36 Physical component summary | 47 (3) | 55 (2) | 55 (2) | 55 (2) | 7 (3)*** | 7 (3)**** | 8 (3)*** | <0.001 | <0.0001 | <0.001 |
| SF-36 Mental component summary | 52 (2) | 55 (2) | 56 (2) | 54 (2) | 4 (2)** | 4 (3)** | 3 (3)* | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 |
| Dietary indiscretions | 26 (3) | 1 (1) | 3 (1) | 5 (1) | −26 (4)**** | −24 (3)**** | −22 (4)**** | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Exercise | 20 (9) | 35 (13) | 23 (10) | 32 (18) | 14 (15) | 3 (12) | 13 (20) | 0.06 | 0.64 | 0.18 |
| Food enjoyment | 12 (1) | 13 (1) | 13 (1) | 13 (1) | 0 (1) | 1 (1)* | 1 (1) | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.14 |
| Food cost | 23 (5) | 24 (6) | 22 (4) | 20 (6) | 2 (8) | −1 (4) | −3 (5) | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.19 |
| General self-efficacy | 32 (1) | 33 (3) | 34 (1) | 34 (2) | 1 (3) | 2 (2)* | 2 (2)* | 0.53 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Nutritional self-efficacy | 15 (1) | 17 (1) | 17 (1) | 16 (1) | 2 (1)*** | 2 (1)** | 1 (1)* | <0.001 | <0.01 | 0.05 |
| Self-esteem | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.4) | −0.3 (0.4) | −0.4 (0.4)* | −0.2 (0.5) | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.31 |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
a
Values are means (95% CI). Paired, two-tailed t-tests were performed for within-group comparisons; ****P<0.0001, ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P<0.05.