Figure 6.
TMAO enhances HAEC recruitment of activated leukocytes through NFkB. A, HAECs were stimulated for adhesive processes for 5 hours with vehicle (PBS) or 400 μmol/L TMA or TMAO then presented with prelabeled, activated leukocytes and quantified (C). B, The same procedure as was used in panel A was followed except a 1‐hour inhibitor treatment (NFkB activation inhibitor) step was added prior to stimulation. D, Quantification of adhered leukocytes of panel B. ANOVA with a Tukey post hoc test was used with TMAO and inhibitor as the 2 factors. We did not observe interaction between inhibitor and TMAO groups. Images reflect representative examples of 9 images taken per group using 3 separate HAEC donor samples. Scale bars=100 μm. HAEC indicates human aortic endothelial cell; Inh, inhibitor; NFkB, nuclear factor‐κB; TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine N‐oxide.