Table 1.
Biomarkers to Assess Environmental Enteric Dysfunction
| Category | Biomarkers |
|---|---|
| 1. Intestinal absorption and mucosal permeability | D-xylose, mannitol, or rhamnose absorption; lactulose paracellular uptake; α1-anti-trypsin leakage into gut lumen |
| 2. Enterocyte mass and function | Plasma citrulline and/or conversion of alanyl-glutamine to citrulline, lactose tolerance test (as a marker of brush border damage) |
| 3. Inflammation | Plasma cytokines, stool calprotectin, myeloperoxidase, or lactoferrin |
| 4. Microbial translocation and immune activation | Stool neopterin, plasma LPS core antibody and/or LPS binding protein, circulating soluble CD14 |
Abbreviation: LPS, lipopolysaccharide.