. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2014 Feb 28;75:165–183. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.023

Table 4.

Evolutionary rate calibration constraints (in millions of years).

Divergence	Min.	Max.	Fossil	Reference	Age
*Primate fossils*
1. Homo	5.0	10.0	Ardipithecus	Haile-Selassie et al., 2001	5.2
			Orrorin	Senut et al., 2001	6.0
			Sahelanthropus	Vignaud et al., 2002; Brunet et al., 2002	6.0–7.0
2. Gorilla	10.0	NA	Chororapithecus abyssinicus	Suwa et al., 2007	≈10.0
3. Pongo	12.5	18.0	Sivapithecus	Kelley, 2002	≈12.5
4. Crown Catarrhini	21.0	33.9	Morotopithecus	Gebo et al., 1997	>20.6
			Victoriapithecus	Pilbeam and Walker, 1968 Benefit and McCrossin, 2002	≈19.0
5. Theropithecus	3.5	6.5	Theropithecus	Leakey, 1993 Frost, 2007	≈3.5
6. Macaca	5.5	NA	Macaca libyca	Delson 1980 Jablonski, 2002	≈5.5
7. Colobinae	10	NA	Microcolobus tugenensis	Benefit and Pickford, 1986; Jablonski, 2002	9.0–11.0
8. Aotus	12.1	NA	Aotus dindensis	Setoguchi and Rosenberger, 1987	≈12.1
9. Saimiri	12.1	NA	Neosaimiri	Hartwig and Meldrum, 2002	≈12.1
10. Crown Anthropoidea	31.5	NA	Fayum catarrhines	Rasmussen, 2002; Seiffert, 2005	31.5
11. Lorisoidea	36.9	NA	Saharagalago Karanisia	Seiffert et al., 2003 Seiffert, 2007	≈36.9
*Non-primate fossils*
12. Cetartyodactyla	48.6	NA	Himalayacetus	Bajpai And Gingerich, 1998	53.5
			Pakicetus	Gingerich and Russel 1981 Thewissen at al, 2001	>48.6
13. Mysticeti-Odontoceti	33.5	53.5	Llanocetus denticrenatus	Mitchell, 1989	≈3.5
14. Feliniforma-Caniformia	43.0	63.8	Tapocyon	Benton and Donoghue, 2007	43.0–46.0
15. Bovidae	18.3	28.55	Eotragus noyi	Solounias et al., 1995 Benton and Donoghue, 2007	≈18.3
16. Mus/Rattus	7.3	16.0	Progonomys hussaini	Jacobs & Downs, 1994 Benton and Donoghue, 2007	11.1–11.5
17. Equus/Rhinoceros	54.0	58.0	Lambdotherium	Rose, 2006	>50.3

see Supplementary Material B1 for the detailed procedure of fossil selection, with paleontological details, and assignment to alternative nodes for calibration of the molecular.