Table 3.
Univariate Cox Proportional Hazards Regression of First Stroke in Pediatric Cancer Patients treated with Cranial and/or Neck Irradiation
| Characteristic | Patients with stroke (n=19) |
Patients without stroke (n=306) |
Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Alive | 11 (57.9) | 216 (70.6) | 0.24 | (0.09, 0.61) | 0.003 |
| Male gender | 15 (78.9) | 165 (53.9) | 3.41 | (1.13, 10.3) | 0.03 |
| White race vs. other | 0.99 | (0.73, 1.33) | 0.93 | ||
| African-American | 1 (5.3) | 18 (5.9) | |||
| Caucasian | 13 (68.4) | 163 (53.3) | |||
| Asian American | 0 | 34 (11.1) | |||
| Latino | 2 (10.5) | 35 (11.4) | |||
| Other/unknown | 3 (15.8) | 56 (18.3) | |||
| Age at diagnosis, median (IQR) | 13.6 (6.9, 15.2) | 7.5 (3.9, 12.2) | 1.13 | (1.03, 1.23) | 0.006 |
| Age at radiation therapy, median (IQR) | 14.0 (7.0, 15.0) | 8 (4, 12) | 1.13 | (1.03, 1.23) | 0.007 |
| History of NF1 | 3 (15.8) | 2 (0.7) | 14.8 | (4.2, 52.1) | <0.0001 |
| Tumor type | |||||
| Medulloblastoma | 3 (15.8) | 44 (14.4) | |||
| High-grade glioma | 9 (47.4) | 58 (19.0) | |||
| Low-grade glioma | 3 (15.8) | 50 (16.3) | |||
| Brainstem glioma | 1 (5.3) | 4 (1.3) | |||
| Retinoblastoma | 1 (5.3) | 34 (11.1) | |||
| ALL | 0 | 8 (2.6) | |||
| Others* | 2 (10.5) | 95 (31.0) | |||
| Tumor location | |||||
| Frontal | 1 (5.3) | 56 (18.3) | |||
| Parietal-occipital | 1 (5.3) | 20 (6.5) | |||
| Temporal | 7 (36.8) | 37 (12.1) | |||
| Posterior fossa | 10 (52.6) | 139 (45.4) | |||
| Face | 0 | 20 (6.5) | |||
| Neck/spine | 0 | 6 (2.0) | |||
| Other† | 0 | 28 (9.2) | |||
| Dose of radiation therapy (Gy), mean (SD) | 5938.9 (1067.4) | 5394.5 (1275.2) | |||
| Per 100 Gy | 1.05 | (1.01, 1.09) | 0.02 | ||
| Per 1000 Gy | 1.64 | (1.08, 2.47) | 0.02 | ||
| Cervical radiation | 0 | 18 (5.9) | N/A | ||
| Treatment with chemotherapy | 0.83 | (0.32, 2.18) | 0.71 | ||
| Treated | 9 (47.4) | 191 (62.4) | |||
| Missing | 2 (10.5) | 11 (3.6) | |||
Abbreviations: Gy: gray; IQR: interquartile range; NF1: Neurofibromatosis 1; SD: standard deviation.
*
Other tumor types include carcinoma, ependymoma, germinoma, meningioma, lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and sarcoma.
†
Others include patients with leukemia (n=8) or brain tumors (n=20) for which location was not clearly specified.