Table 1.
Weighted Descriptive Statistics for Study Variables for Children with Complete Data and those with Missing Data
| Variables | Percentage or mean (SD) | Significance level of the differences (p-value) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Children excluded from the analysis with the lowest number of observations (5,998) | Children included in the analysis with the lowest number of observations (40,752) | ||
| Dependent variables | |||
| School performance | |||
| Problems in school | 26.96 | 30.96 | p< 0.05 |
| Children who missed at least one school day | 69.29 | 79.27 | p< 0.01 |
| Number of school missed days | 3.46 (9.01) | 4.03 (6.20) | p< 0.01 |
| Homework completion | NS | ||
| Never | 1.53 | 1.12 | |
| Rarely | 2.44 | 1.98 | |
| Sometimes | 10.84 | 10.93 | |
| Usually | 23.04 | 23.12 | |
| Always | 62.14 | 62.85 | |
| Psychosocial well-being | |||
| Shy (Child is withdrawn, does not get involved with others) | p< 0.05 | ||
| Never | 67.88 | 70.42 | |
| Rarely | 17.46 | 18.59 | |
| Sometimes | 11.36 | 8.72 | |
| Usually | 1.51 | 1.19 | |
| Always | 1.79 | 1.08 | |
| Inferior (Child feels worthless or inferior) | p< 0.05 | ||
| Never | 58.18 | 59.62 | |
| Rarely | 22.82 | 22.11 | |
| Sometimes | 16.22 | 15.44 | |
| Usually | 0.70 | 1.44 | |
| Always | 2.09 | 1.38 | |
| Unhappy (Child is unhappy, sad or depressed) | NS | ||
| Never | 49.37 | 49.96 | |
| Rarely | 29.70 | 31.05 | |
| Sometimes | 18.90 | 17.07 | |
| Usually | 1.12 | 1.15 | |
| Always | 0.90 | 0.77 | |
| Friendly (Child gets along well with other children) | NS | ||
| Never | 0.32 | 0.50 | |
| Rarely | 0.67 | 0.89 | |
| Sometimes | 10.22 | 8.30 | |
| Usually | 33.65 | 34.86 | |
| Always | 55.13 | 55.45 | |
| Independent variables | |||
| Dental Health | |||
| Any dental problem | 27.61 | 29.99 | NS |
| Dental Health Rating | p< 0.01 | ||
| Excellent/very good | 60.98 | 68.39 | |
| Good | 27.28 | 21.75 | |
| Fair/poor | 11.72 | 9.86 | |
| Demographic | |||
| Child’s age (6–17 years) | 11.61 (3.39) | 11.59 (3.45) | |
| Child’s sex (female) | 49.86 | 49.04 | |
| Race/ethnicity | NS | ||
| White | 54.90 | 58.58 | |
| Black | 14.25 | 14.61 | |
| Hispanic | 23.60 | 19.25 | |
| Other | 7.25 | 7.57 | |
| Child born in the United States | 90.62 | 95.21 | p< 0.01 |
| Birth position | 2.38 (1.03) | 2.30 (0.94) | p< 0.05 |
| Number of kids in the household | 2.38 (1.00) | 2.30 (0.93) | p< 0.05 |
| Number of adults in the household | 2.08 (0.59) | 2.04 (0.58) | NS |
| Mother’s age | 40.98 (7.13) | 40.18 (7.02) | p< 0.01 |
| Mother’s married status (married) | 71.99 | 71.26 | |
| Socioeconomic | |||
| Mother’s education | p< 0.01 | ||
| Less than high school | 16.01 | 11.85 | |
| High school graduate | 27.23 | 25.38 | |
| More than high school | 56.76 | 62.78 | |
| Poverty level of household (1–8)a | 4.49 (2.63) | 5.29 (2.63) | p< 0.01 |
| Employment b | 84.36 | 88.39 | p< 0.01 |
| Child’s Health Care insurance coverage | 85.70 | 90.99 | p< 0.01 |
| Health problems (ever diagnosed) | |||
| Learning disability | 13.02 | 12.68 | NS |
| Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder | 10.72 | 10.99 | NS |
| Behavioral or conduct problems | 5.90 | 5.21 | NS |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | 2.39 | 1.88 | NS |
| Developmental delay that affects child’s ability to learn | 6.31 | 5.58 | NS |
| Stuttering, stammering or other speech problems | 5.78 | 6.89 | NS |
| Hearing problems | 2.73 | 3.57* | NS |
NS=not significant
a
Poverty level represents ranges of the percentage of federal poverty line (FPL) as follows: 1(<100%), 2(100%–133%), 3(133%–150%), 4(150%– 185%), 5(185%– 200%), 6(200%–300%), 7(300%–400%), 8(> 400%)
b
Anyone in the household employed at least 50 weeks out of the past 52 weeks