. 2023 Nov 14;9(11):e22312. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22312

Table 2.

Repeated Measures ANOVAs, Means ± SDs and effect sizes (Cohen's d).

Measure		Tension	Depression	Anger	Fatigue	Confusion	Vigor	Calmness	Happiness	Suicidal ideation
Loved ones' photographs	Pre-test M±SD	10.83 ± 3.13	11.78 ± 1.81	8.84 ± 4.08	9.73 ± 3.60	9.00 ± 4.91	5.11 ± 2.33	3.06 ± 2.35	5.08 ± 4.10	10.35 ± 7.94
	Post-test M±SD	8.41 ± 3.29	8.32 ± 2.11	8.62 ± 4.06	6.16 ± 3.69	9.17 ± 4.83	8.73 ± 2.70	6.43 ± 2.84	9.98 ± 3.15	9.55 ± 7.84
	Effect size, d	0.75	1.76	0.05	0.97	0.03	1.43	1.29	1.34	0.10
Strangers' photographs	Pre-test M±SD	11.06 ± 3.81	11.50 ± 2.58	8.10 ± 4.51	9.30 ± 4.80	9.41 ± 4.57	5.74 ± 2.85	3.23 ± 2.31	6.61 ± 2.93	10.85 ± 8.96
	Post-test M±SD	11.25 ± 3.64	11.48 ± 2.47	8.08 ± 4.49	8.33 ± 4.43	9.39 ± 4.56	5.80 ± 2.80	3.33 ± 2.35	6.76 ± 3.10	9.84 ± 8.48
	Effect size, d	0.05	0.008	0.004	0.21	0.004	0.02	0.04	0.05	0.11
Landscape photographs	Pre-test M±SD	10.43 ± 3.22	10.98 ± 2.50	9.26 ± 3.34	9.96 ± 4.15	9.03 ± 4.53	4.93 ± 3.43	3.48 ± 3.06	7.03 ± 2.94	10.64 ± 8.91
	Post-test M±SD	8.44 ± 2.93	10.73 ± 2.79	9.24 ± 3.46	7.62 ± 4.09	8.94 ± 4.62	7.20 ± 4.61	6.12 ± 3.49	7.97 ± 2.88	11.14 ± 14.40
	Effect size, d	0.64	0.09	0.006	0.56	0.02	0.55	0.80	0.32	0.04
Optical illusions	Pre-test M±SD	11.06 ± 3.31	10.96 ± 2.69	8.48 ± 4.49	9.11 ± 5.17	8.52 ± 5.19	5.75 ± 3.36	2.91 ± 2.73	6.74 ± 3.27	12.19 ± 14.02
	Post-test M±SD	11.17 ± 3.30	11.03 ± 2.75	8.60 ± 4.06	8.50 ± 5.81	8.53 ± 5.20	5.58 ± 3.15	2.82 ± 2.64	6.87 ± 3.13	11.39 ± 13.12
	Effect size, d	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.11	0.002	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.05

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation.

NOTE: Tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, vigor, calmness, and happiness were measured with the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS), and Suicidal ideation was evaluated using the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI).